Th differentiation: ILminus2

Th0(zero) cells become what IL minus 2 signal hits them.

IL12 take away a '2' and you get a '1' left over-->Th1

IL4-2-->Th2

See?

More neuro blah

Sorry if you thrive on neuro, but I don't like localizing lesions more than to the brain/spine/LMN since they'll get a head scan regardless. But here's study stuff anyways with stupid things to help me remember it all. Bytheway, these ideas came out of Kochar's textbook. (I met him!)

Problem in_____-results in_____(example)

Thalamus/sensory cortex-complex sensations (R/L differences in pin prick)

Spinal cord-trunk and limb (unless it is not a complete disruption, then you get Weber syndrome or the like)

Polyneuropathy-sock and glove distribution (Thank you, krispy kreme)

UMN-spastic movement & Up reflexes

LMN-fasciculation & down reflexes

Basal ganglia-RIGID ROBOT muscles

Cerebellum-pendular reflexes/movement (Nose-Finger-Nose test may cause blindness)

NMJ-fatigue

Murmurs & other heart sounds

"Come Right In so you aren't Left Out." Right-sided murmurs louder on Inspiration, Left are lounder when you breath Out.

"MTV shows wHOLesome regurg." HOLosystolic murmurs=Mitrial regurg Tricuspid regurg or VSD

"AP classes are hard to A Stupid Dude in Middle school." Midsystolic murmurs=hard(stenotic) Aortic or Pulmonic valves, ASD, and there may possibly be more.

Diastolic murmurs problems with ventricle relaxing or filling, like aortic or pulmonic regurg, mitral or tricuspid stenosis, and they are ALWAYS pathologic.

Opportunistic fungi

I was going to make this a post-a-day thing, but why limit myself? So I'm making up for Thanksgiving.

Candida-cold bud & pseudohyphae (just like Canada, a cold psuedo-America bud [j/k but it helps with memorizing]) but germ tubes when hot; cause thrush, vulvovaginitis, diaper rash, and can disseminate to any organ

Aspergillus-give someone a high five if they eat their Asparagus veggies. As seen in the picture, fruiting bodies of Aspergillus look like a high five, and their hyphae branch at 45 degrees and your thumb is typically 45 degrees from your other fingers (unless you have some sort of Median nerve problem).

Cryptococcus-a hiding/encapsulated (crypto) sphere (coccus), causes meningitis (soap bubble lesion in brain), found hiding in soil and pigeon poo (you need soap for dirt and bird poo). India ink, Sabouraud's agar, and latex agglutinaion help with Dx (think of an indian with latex gloves wielding a saber)

Mucor-dz in ketoacidotic diabetics and leukemic patients. Infarction, necrosis, frontal lobe abscesses from mucormycosis. Branches wide like my beautiful handwritten "M"

US Fungus

Ok so Thanksgiving break threw off my grove. I seriously was eating a ton (macrophaging) in Ohio, which brought to mind Histoplasmosis, since its in the oHio and mississippi river basin areas, and macrophages engorge on Histoplasmosis (I can make up something about bats or starlings to go along with this story, but I'm too lazy).

Cali has Coccidioidomycosis, states/Mexico Bordering the Atlantic have Blastomycosis (remember Goljan stuttering "blasto broad based bud") , and Panama has Paracoccidioidomycosis. The picture is supposed to help remember a road trip to Cali and Coccidioidomycosis (looks like a tire) and sailing to Panama (Paracoccidio looks like a captain's wheel).